Online Banking and Online Purchases

Introduction Today the internet is largely used in facilitating many business transactions. The development in information technology has enabled the digitization of many operations and therefore, many transactions are conducted online. Among them are online shopping and online banking.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Online Banking and Online Purchases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has led to the elimination of the need for human interaction in conducting service transactions. Although the internet has greatly enhanced business processes and made them more efficient, it has serious implications and cannot be fully trusted in conducting business transactions. This paper explores the social, ethical, cultural and legal implications of online banking and online shopping. Online Banking Online banking involves conducting of financial transactions by customers via the internet. This enables them to avoid the time-consuming and costly processes of interacting with tellers and conducting paper transactions. A customer opens an account that is managed online and can be accessed through a username and a password. The account holder can conduct all the normal banking transactions from home such as paying bills and money transfer, provided he/she has access to the internet (Tucci 2011). Many large companies are coming up with online banks mostly because they have low costs compared to traditional banks. This is because unlike traditional banks, online banks do not incur the costs of hiring tellers, renting premises, and the costs that arise as a result of the daily running of the bank. As a result of this, online banks may offer higher interest rates or free conducting of transactions such as checking the account balance, and such benefits may attract many customers. Online banking has various other benefits. It is convenient since the banking websites are available all the time, for 24 hour s each day, and conducting the transactions is very fast. The customers do not have to make long queues as they wait to conduct their transactions as in traditional banks. Instead, they just log into the account and perform the transactions quickly. Moreover, the online banks can be accessed from anywhere in the world. In addition, one website can be used to manage all the customers’ bank accounts (Tucci 2011). Nevertheless, online banking has several shortcomings. The customers must have ICT skills and it may take time to learn how to use the banking sites. In addition, these online banks do not have automated teller machines and withdrawing the money from the ATMs of other banks can cost a lot of money.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, when the internet is down, it is not possible to access the bank account. In addition, many people find it hard to trust o nline banking because of security and privacy concerns. People are afraid that they might lose their money to hackers who might get hold of the account details such as the username and the password. They are also concerned that their personal information may be recorded and used for other purposes (Fraser, Fraser and McDonald 2000). Online Shopping Online shopping is the purchase of goods or services via the internet. The customers mostly make payments through credit cards or debit cards. The goods or services are then delivered through shipping, downloading or printing out. The customers log into online shopping websites and view the pictures and read descriptions of the products. Once they identify the goods that they want to purchase, they order for them (Horrigan 2008). Online shopping has several advantages. Firstly, it is convenient since it can be done at any time and place, and all one needs is access to the internet. Traditional shopping requires one to travel long distance s to reach the shop and also the customers can only access the stores during business hours. Online shopping sites also provide all the details and features of the products or services and other information such as instructions for use and customer reviews. Therefore, the customer is able to make an informed choice for the product or service. Online shopping also allows customers to easily compare the prices and features of the goods or services from various stores and therefore choose the most suitable for them. They can also get to choose sites that offer certain benefits such as free shipping of goods (Haugtvedt, Machleit and Yalch 2005). However, online shopping has disadvantages. The consumers face the risk of fraud, getting faulty products or services and other security concerns such as identity theft and phishing, among others. Phishing involves the soliciting of personal information such as credit card information, username or password by a spam mail. In identity theft, an i ndividual steals another person’s personal information and uses it to buy goods or obtain credit. It is also not easy to differentiate between fraud websites and genuine ones. Fraud websites receive money and fail to deliver the products and may even disappear, and it is hard to track them. Most online shopping sites also do not disclose the total cost of the transaction including the cost of shipping, sales tax and duties, among others. Therefore, the customer is forced to pay additional costs which he/she knew nothing about. In online shopping, the customer does not get to see and test the product before purchasing it but relies on the pictures and description given on the website.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Online Banking and Online Purchases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, there is no guarantee of the quality of the product because the actual product may be different from the descrip tion given on the website. Another disadvantage of online shopping is that the merchants may use the personal information of the customers for other purposes like telemarketing. Therefore, customer privacy is not guaranteed (Fraser, Fraser and McDonald 2000). Implications of Online Transactions Online transactions have become very popular with customers and a lot of money is transferred every day through the internet. As money is transferred, there are many swindlers hanging around trying to get an opportunity to steal it. Both online banking and online shopping involve conducting of transactions via the internet. Despite the numerous benefits of online transactions, they cannot be fully trusted. The greatest concern for the consumers is online transaction security. Online transactions encourage the use of credit cards to make payments. The customers are not comfortable releasing sensitive information such as credit card details on the internet. Their concerns are justified since in ternet crime is on the rise and without proper security measures, they can lose their money. Customers can ensure the security of their transactions through using passwords that combine both small and capital letters, numbers and symbols, and also changing the passwords regularly to make it difficult for hackers to decipher them. Consumers should also ensure that they use secure websites to transact their businesses. However, even with these precautions, online transactions cannot be fully trusted as the hackers are always devising new ways to access the private information of customers (Bradley 2006). Online shopping and online banking have various legal, ethical, social and cultural implications. Online banking services are governed by the Electronic Funds Transfer Act of 1978 in order to protect online bankers. One of the legal challenges of electronic transactions is determining their validity. One cannot be absolutely sure that the electronic signatures are reliable. Moreover, some websites do not make the terms and conditions of the transaction known to the users and therefore, they enter into an agreement without full knowledge about the risks involved and whether the website is in compliance with the current law (Caudill and Murphy 2000).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumer privacy right is a legal requirement that should be respected. During online transactions, customers are required to give their personal information and are concerned about the security and privacy of such information. Purchasing products using credit cards can avail personal information to telemarketers, market researchers and direct-mail companies, therefore leading to the invasion of privacy. Customers should be made to understand the privacy procedures and policies in place to ensure that their personal information is not disclosed to unauthorized parties or used for other purposes. Some traders use the customers’ personal information for telemarketing or sell it to other agencies. The Data Protection Act of 1998 ensures that the personal information of customers is kept secure (Chung 2007). There are also ethical issues that arise in the conduct of online transactions. Though online transactions are convenient and fast, the internet has created an environment fo r the advancement of unethical behaviour. The ethical implications of online banking and online shopping include the privacy of consumer information, the reliability of the transactions, and security. Information that is sent over the internet passes through very many computer systems and these computers may monitor, capture, and store such information. The activities of online shoppers can be monitored without their knowledge or consent. When online shoppers register for the purchase of certain products or services, their identities and personal information can be captured and used for other purposes. It is unethical for the personal information of customers to be used for other purposes or divulged to other parties (Sembok 2003). Commercial sites can get information that consumers give to a shopping site and use it to market their products and services. These companies then start sending emails to the consumers without their consent. Internet cookies also gather customer informati on secretly. Cookies are files that identify the web browser software of the user and tracks down his/ her visits to that site. Marketers are also using Web bugs to monitor the online activities of users. This is absolutely unethical (Nardal and Sahin 2011). Another ethical concern is reliability of the online transactions. Deceptive practices such as fraud are unethical and reduce the customers’ trust in online shopping and banking. Consumers are also concerned about the security of the transactions. They need to know that their payments are safe and that their banking information is not stolen, leaked or given to any other party (Caudill and Murphy 2000). Online shopping and online banking also have social implications. Conducting transactions online has greatly changed the social behaviour of consumers as people can do it in the comfort of their homes. Therefore, people no longer go out as often as they used to. Consequently, they do not get to interact with others. Face-t o-face communication has reduced and people communicate through the internet. Online shopping can also lead to buying addictions, impulse buying, and compulsive buying. Impulse buying is purchasing products that were unplanned for. Compulsive buying takes over the lives of the shoppers and preoccupies them completely. Online shopping is only a click away and therefore people may be unable to control their shopping habits. With the access to the internet to almost everyone for 24hours each day, these habits can develop and cause problems like overspending, bankruptcy, and broken families (LaRose 2001). Online banking and online purchasing also have cultural implications. They have changed people’s way of life. Most transactions can now be conducted online without having to visit banks or shopping malls. Individuals’ lives have been made easier and more convenient due to the development in information technology. However, people are spending a lot of time accessing the i nternet. Physical interactions have reduced and people mostly relate over the internet (Chung 2007). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident that the development in information technology has had a significant impact on the business processes of many organizations. Many operations have been digitized and banking and shopping can be done online. However, online transactions have many shortcomings and cannot be trusted. Therefore, even though information technology has helped to streamline most business operations and made them more effective, the risks that come with it are too many and cannot be ignored. The traditional way of conducting transactions is more reliable and customers need to be extremely cautious when conducting online transactions. Consumers need to weigh both the benefits and risks involved before conducting online transactions. Reference List Bradley, T., 2006. Essential Computer Security: Everyone’s Guide to E-Mail, Internet, And Wireless Securit y. New York, Syngress. Caudill, E. M. and Murphy, P. E., 2000. Consumer Online Privacy: Legal and Ethical Issues. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. Vol.19, No. 1. Chung, I., 2007. Roles and Impacts of IT on new Social Norms, Ethical Values and Legal Frameworks in Shaping a Future Digital Society. Web. Fraser, J., Fraser, N. and McDonald, F., 2000. The Strategic Challenge of Electronic Commerce. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5, No.1, pp.7-14. Haugtvedt, C.P., Machleit, K.A. and Yalch, R., 2005. Online Consumer Psychology: Understanding and Influencing Consumer Behaviour in the Virtual World. USA, Routledge. Horrigan, J. B., 2008. Online Shopping: Convenient But Risky. Web. LaRose, R., 2001. On The Negative Effects of E-Commerce: A Socio-Cognitive Exploration of Unregulated On-Line Buying. Web. Nardal, S. and Sahin, A., 2011. Ethical Issues in E-Commerce on the Basis Of Online Retailing. Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 190-198. Sembok, T. M., 2003. Ethics of Information Communication Technology (ICT). Web. Tucci, P.A., 2011. The Handy Personal Finance Answer Book. USA, Visible Ink Press. This report on Online Banking and Online Purchases was written and submitted by user Noelle Miranda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nursing Care Within Mental Health Role Social Work Essay Essays

Nursing Care Within Mental Health Role Social Work Essay Essays Nursing Care Within Mental Health Role Social Work Essay Essay Nursing Care Within Mental Health Role Social Work Essay Essay This assignment will allow the writer explain an facet of nursing attention within mental wellness function. As it is stated in the NMC ( 2008 ) as a wellness professional, you are personally accountable for actions and skips in your pattern so this is taking into consideration when treating any intercessions with service users. The writer is traveling to critical discuss and examine in item the assisting attacks used in the intervention of intoxicant maltreatment and draw decisions from them as what is seen as best grounds pattern. The facet of nursing that the writer is traveling to discourse is motivational questioning from the pattern of handling alcohol addiction. This is where that writer foremost seen Motivational Interviewing being used in a Community Drug and Alcohol arrangement. Miller and Rollnick ( 1991 ) defined motivational interviewing as a directive, client centred counselling manner for arousing behaviour alteration by assisting clients to research and decide ambivalency and stated in the Oxford University Dictionary ( 2005 ) ( internet ref 1 ) motive is described as the ground or grounds behind one s actions or behavior and this is the extreme importance for a service user to be at a phase of desiring to alter for themselves and non for others such as household members. This thesis will be looking at the rule of motivational interviewing ( MI ) and the client centred attack that was produced by Carl Rogers in ( 1951 ) which has provided the underpinning of MI. Besides, it will discourse the usage of Motivational Interviewing when a client wants to go abstainer from intoxicant and the phases of alteration theoretical account set up by Prochaska, Norcross and DiClemente ( 1982 ) that has become a tool used when looking at the different alterations in which a client could be placed in. The thesis will besides look at the positive and negative utilizations of MI in alcohol addiction. Introduction of Motivation Interviewing Motivational interviewing ( MI ) was developed to handle job drinkers and was foremost described by Miller ( 1983, cited by Rollnick and Miller 1995 ) in an article discoursing Behavioural Psychotherapy. Subsequently in 1991 Rollnick and Miller characterized Motivation Interviewing as a directing, client-centred guidance manner for arousing behaviour alteration by assisting clients to research and decide ambivalency . It was in 2002 where they subsequently explained that Motivational Interviewing was an assistance to ease the motion through decisional analysis and behavior alteration . Furthermore, LA Lawendowski ( 1998 ) ( Internet ref 3 ) provinces that motivational interviewing is a client-centred therapy and has phases of alteration in the natural recovery from dependence. However, the theoretical account has been used for assortment of other jobs such as Drug Abuse ( Scott et al, 1996 ) Smoking ( Rollnick, S et Al, 1997 ) Gambling Problems ( Diskin and Hodgins 2009 ) Drug Dependence ( Saunders, B et Al, 1995 and Miller, W et Al, 2003 ) Excessive imbibing ( reexamine see Vasilaki et Al, 2006 ) ( Arkowitz, H and Miller, W.R 2008 ) . Motivational interviewing is a psychotherapeutics method which lets the service user to influence and enables alterations in their lives ( Hussein Rassool, G and Kilpatrick, B.1998 ) . Motivational interviewing is a type of reding which allows the service users to discourse helpfully about altering their behavior within alcohol addiction ( Obert, JL 2005 ) ( Internet ref 2 ) . This type of intercession is exceptionally helpful for those service users who are disinclined to alter their life style and open about altering. It s designed to decide ambivalency as it will take the service user to come on following to the way of alteration. Rollnick, Miller and Butler ( 2008 ) states that if a patient appears to be unmotivated to alter that there is nil anybody can make to alter this. They suggest that this statement is normally wrong. They believe that the attack a professional should take is to speak with the patient about their wellness. This can significantly rock their personal motive for behaviour alteration. Arkowitz and Miller ( 2008 ) states that motivational interviewing Is to increase intrinsic motive to alter that which arises from personal ends and values instead than from such external beginnings as others efforts to carry, cajole or hale the individual to alter . By professional organic structures or even household members supercharging the client to alter this can hold an opposite consequence and do that individual have a lessen aspiration to alter. Brehm and Brehm ( 1981 ) reported that when a client is placed into this state of affairs they become loath to alter as they perceive a menace to their personal freedom. Miller and Rollnick ( 2002 ) have mentioned that there is a difference among the technique and the spirit of Motivational Interviewing. If the professional organic structure gets engrossed by the technique, they likely risk the loss of the overall spirit of Motivational Interviewing. Miller and Rollnick ( 1995 ) mentioned that We believe it is critical to separate between the spirit of motivational interviewing and techniques that we have recommended to attest that spirit. Clinicians and trainers who become excessively focussed on affairs of technique can lose sight of the spirit and manner that are cardinal to the attack . Rollnick, Miller and Butler ( 2008 ) characterized the spirit as the following header Collaborative, redolent and honouring of patient liberty: Collaboration. Is where there is a joint decision-making procedure. This is of import in the wellness behavior alteration as it is merely the patient who can originate alterations. Evocative. This happens when the client triggers their ain motives and resources to alter. The client will hold their ain ends and aspirations and dreams so they do non necessitate the way from the professional organic structure. Honoring patients liberty. This is where MI accepts that the clients have a pick about the alteration in their lives and the professional organic structures still can rede, inform and on juncture can warn but their picks it is finally the clients pick ( Rollnick, S et al 2008 ) . They describe this manner of interaction as non-directing but steering, dancing and non wrestling, listening at least every bit much as stating. Phillips and Callaghan ( 2009 ) agrees with this statement and describes motivational interviewing as the following the nurse must avoid lecture, faulting and arousing guilt as this is of import as these places are likely to take to patient defensiveness and the nurse will follow the impersonal place in relation to the person s substance usage . As mentioned before that motivational interviewing is a client-centred attack which needs a curative relationship between the client and the professional organic structure as it is needed for alteration harmonizing to Carl Rogers ( 1951 ) . Three of these to reference that are linked to the spirit of motivational interviewing are therapist genuineness, empathy and unconditioned positive respect. Miller and Rollnick ( 2002 ) mentioned that motivational interviewing is a client-centred or individ ual centred in its focal point on the concerns and positions of the person, every bit good as in our heavy trust on and liability to the work of Carl Rogers and his co-workers. In this sense, motivational interviewing is an development of the client-centerd attack that Rogers developed. Arkowitz and Burke ( 2008 ) province that Motivational Interviewing is different than Carl Rogers attack as the importance of the intensifying intrinsic motive to alter, deciding ambivalency about alteration and the increasing alteration talk through selective responding. It is non uncommon for people to experience ambivalent about alterations in their lives. It is said that it a normal and common constituent of psychological job. Rollnick and Miller ( 1991 ) province that ambivalency is a province of head in which a individual has coexisting but conflicting experiencing about something. Clients who have an habit-forming job who so proceeds with reding will experience conflicting experiencing about their motive. A client can go non-cooperative with the counselor and back once more in a few proceedingss. Orford ( 1985 ) province that when it comes to habit-forming behavior struggles clearly plays a cardinal function. Clients who have imbibing jobs most times acknowledged that the hazards, cost and injury implicated their behavior. The clients are invariably traveling back and forward as they are non certain what to make about their state of affairs. Miller and Rollnick ( 1991 ) explain ambivalency as non a bad mark but to see it to be normal, accepta ble and apprehensible. Once the counselor understands this of ambivalency the counselor will cover with the client in a wholly different manner. Once the counselor realizes the normalcy of ambivalency and the manner in which it works. There will be a noticeable addition of verbal communicating and less opposition between the client and counselor. Their curative relationship will better. Motivational Interviewing is said to back up the client preparedness to alter and supply them with the accomplishments, helps and schemes for alteration ( Miller and Rollnick 1991, Hester and Miler 1989 ) . When looking at the client s ambivalency it can be place on the phases of alteration by Prochaska and DiClemente ( 1982, 1984, 1985 and 1986 ) . Miller and Rollnick ( 2002 ) describe Motivational Interviewing as a tool to help clients through decisional analysis and behavioral alterations. However, in 2001 Bishop refers to Motivational Interviewing as a method adjusted from the theoretical account called Cycle of alteration that was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente ( 1982, 1984, 1985 and 1986 ) . The client varies with respects to where they are on the rhythm of alteration. There are six phases in which the client can put themselves on. The phases of alteration are: Pre-contemplation this is where the client has non recognized that there is a issue with their behavior that needs to be changed Contemplation this is where they have recognized that there is an issue but non yet prepared or convinced ofA desiring to do a alteration Preparation/Determination the clients fixing for alteration where planning and committedness are secured Action/Willpower the client changes their behavior Maintenance client keeping the behavioral alterations Relapse this is where the client returns to their older behavior and renounce the recent alterations ( Internet ref 4 ) This rhythm is non fixed, it is unstable. The client is able start and coating anyplace within the rhythm. As like most alkies if they are non committed to alter their behavior sing their imbibing so relapses do happen. Prochaska and DiClemente ( 1983 ; 1983 ) province that wheel theoretical accounts approach allow the client to travel in and out of assorted phases of alteration. Prochaska and DiClemente ( 1991 ) suggest that people move both forwards and backwards round the rhythm of alteration, and spend changing sums of clip at each phase. Peoples pass through all phases. An illustration of this could be a client in the action phase into backsliding and so develop into pre-contemplative about alteration. Furthermore, the client could travel to preparation phrase from the backsliding phase. This could assist the client in taking obstructions that may hold disallowed them efficaciously keeping the yearning to alter their behavior ( Schulz, J. and Floyd, M.R 2002 ) . Prochaska and P rochaska ( 1991 ) suggested that if there is a mismatch between phases and procedures so the motion through the phases will be impeded and the individual will look immune or non-compliant. Equally good as the phases of alteration Motivational Interviewing has four guiding rules. Miller, Rollnick and Butler ( 2008 ) province that these are the guiding rules: Resist Understand Listen Empower This is merely a touch on what Motivational Interviewing is approximately and on the following chapter it will discourse the research for and against Motivational Interviewing in alcohol addiction. Critical discuss Motivational Interviewing in Alcoholism

Research paper for modern philosophy, The Fable of the Bees by Bernard Essay

Research paper for modern philosophy, The Fable of the Bees by Bernard Mandeville - Essay Example What was also of great import was the style in which the whole work was written. Mandeville’s easy flow of verse sounded both rhetorical as well as downright practical at the same time. Just when the reader was getting used to his signature style, they were trying to find their bearings in a sea of ethical turmoil that Mandeville had cast them into. The kind of speculation that he forced upon his readers is what has made his work not just remembered, but also the subject of many philosophical and ethical discussions. Very often, the reader is left wondering whether they really grasped the meaning of the poem; hence reading and re-reading the poem continues to be a common occurrence. Mandeville’s work forced readers from all walks of life to look at the relativity of life rather than trying to find exhaustive answers to many problems. It became a tool to kindle the thought process of those who had come to accept the words of those in power – political, religious or otherwise. He seemed to enjoy turning upside down the very precepts by which people had lived for a very long time, paying no heed whatsoever to the discord that he had created not just between various groups of people, but within these groups as well. This essay endeavors to present a picture visualized by Mandeville, with special emphasis on the economic angle. Though religion, social and political perspectives are intertwined in this discussion, there is a concerted effort on the part of this writer to present the economics of a world portrayed by Mandeville. Before going into the economic aspects of Mandeville’s work it is essential to get into his mind and ascertain the exact (or near-exact) nature of the picture he tried to paint. A close look at how Mandeville viewed human psyche reveals a few surprising facts: the central element in his scrutiny of the human mind was his unshakeable belief that there was a basal irrationality demonstrated by humans that lead them to behave

Retail Marketing - John Lewis Company in the UK Essay - 1

Retail Marketing - John Lewis Company in the UK - Essay Example The retailing industry is essential to the modern consumer culture that depends on the speedy delivery of goods to the consumer in the market. A typical retail outlet may range from a handful of goods to entire shopping lists depending on the size of the retailing company. Historically retailing businesses in Great Britain have often diversified their total offered lineages as well as putting a focus on expansion since long. The first appreciable move towards assuming a large retailer framework is evident from the early business strategies of John Lewis Partnership that has been chosen for the sake of analysis. The company started out as a simple store but soon the owner John Lewis procured a few other stores before the First World War. Later his son introduced a novel framework for retailing by introducing an employee led partnership. After his death the entire business was bequeathed to the employees of John Lewis Partnership and this has continued as is since 1925. 1.1. Current St ate of the John Lewis Partnership At this point in time the John Lewis Partnership has diversified its business interests such that it owns and operates John Lewis departmental stores, the Waitrose supermarkets as well as a number of other services. The company is still owned by its current employees who are designated as partners. These partners all have an effective say in the manner in which business is conducted. Moreover each partner is provided with a piece of the annual profit of the company which generally ranged between 5% and 20% of the pays of partners throughout an average year between 2000 and 2011. 1.2. Market Standing Currently John Lewis Partnership stands out as the third largest private company in the United Kingdom with a revenue of 6.74 billion pounds in 2009-2010 (The Sunday Times, 2010) along with some 76,500 employees on the pay roll in 2010 (Madelaine, 2011). In addition to the above, John Lewis Partnership has become the United Kingdom’s â€Å"best h igh street† website after it took the place from Marks and Spencer’s in October 2010 (Bold, 2010). John Lewis also serves as the supplier for the Ocado web supermarket chain. Ocado is supplied with the Waitrose brand food products as well as with other non food items from John Lewis directly. Overall the image of the John Lewis Partnership brand and its affiliate’s image are upmarket. Historically John Lewis has appealed to the more fiscally independent customers namely customers present within the middle and upper classes. 2. Retailing Issues 2.1. Drop in Purchasing Power The downturn that has been visible in the global economy since 2008 has had the consequence of lowering the spending levels available to the average consumer. The drop in purchasing power has been all the most noticeable in the North American and Western European markets that were deemed as the markets with the greatest consumer purchasing power. The British market has felt similar problems as well when it comes to purchasing power. Overall consumers are spending less and less when it comes to commodities that are often stocked by retailers. In this respect the overall trend in the British retail industry reflects a slowdown as well. The emergence of other phenomenon related to the recession based phenomenon such as the Euro zone crisis have also shaken consumer confidence in spending at previous levels. Moreover a number of consumers are already spending less in an effort to save more money to avoid situations that

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example Strategy is the other term for business planning to obtain competitive advantage in the market and to analyze the future events to operate successfully in uncertainty. The business strategies of an organization aim at bringing out strategic decisions about the choice of products, customer needs, and new opportunities in the terms of market and technology and other important decisions which help the firm to gain a competitive advantage in the market. The business houses cannot take appropriate and important decisions without the availability of the complete information of the external environment. Business organizations cannot run in vacuum and it has to involve the external environment. There are many related parties to the business like the customers, society, environment, employees, creditors etc. It is very important for the firm to have a complete knowledge about its internal and external environments. A thorough study of the internal and external processes of the organization helps it to understand its strengths by establishing the points or the areas where the organization is good at as well as understanding its weaknesses, the areas where further improvement is required. This analysis would further help in understanding the external environments to understand the scope of the organization in the future. The strategic planning and recommendation requires the thorough understanding of the internal environments of the organi zation so as to plot the strategies accordingly, for the maximization of the benefits drawn from the strategies. The stake holders of an organization play an important part in the policy formation and implementation of the strategies.

Sales Promotion Effect on Customer Buying Decision

Sales Promotion Effect on Customer Buying Decision Sales Promotion Effect on Customer Buying Decision at Supermarket: Example on several countries. Literature Review Sales Promotion According to Boddewyn Leardi (1989) the nature of sales promotion can be defined as: Techniques and devices commonly used on a temporary basis, to make goods and services more attractive to distributors or final customers by providing them with some additional benefit or inducement (incentive) or the expectations of such a benefit, whether in cash, in kind (nature) and/or services, whether immediately or at a later time, whether freely or conditionally.. There are three main contents in the sales promotion field: Customer promotion, Trade promotions and sales forces promotion (Smith, 1998). Specified in sales promotion, there are some sales promotional categories are: Rebate, Samples, Coupons, Bonus Pack. All of these tool being used as ways to promote profitability by stimulating the consumers to buy their products (Boddewyn and Leardi, 1989). Desire to buy the product or give at least a try on the product that the sellers want to present to the customer are the action of sales pro motion. Effective sales promoting can build up an good image of the brand and accomplish several purposes like increasing sales, building a customer databases, generating appearance on publicity (Smith, 1998). Accredited from John and William (1986) Sales promotion and Modern Merchandising,   the activities of sales promotion seem to be more effective than other types of advertising and personal selling. In addition, Joncos (1990) stated that sales promotion is more effective in any rival than any others marketing operation. According to Chandon, Wansink and Laurent (2000) the sales promotion satisfies the customer need of money saving, provide instant reward and can be considered a practical advantage for the consumers. Types of sales promotion Samples Samples are some test taster of the product, some are free and some are charged with a little amount to requite the loss of the company (Kotler et al., 2003). According to Clow and Baack (2007) free samples are a way of introducing a new product out on the market. Samples also are a very clever method to deliver the product to the customers so the product can be tested by the direct customers and affect their decision on buying the product in the future (Kardes, 1999). According to OGuinn, Allen and Semenik (2012) most of the company on consumer market using this method in some kinds, invest roughly $2.2 billion a year on this promoting routine. Lammers (1991) stated that there is a significant effect of sampling method on customer buying behavior and have good connection on fast selling practice. In addition, Shimp (2003) also indicate that sampling have a good effect on customer buying decision. Coupons Coupons is one of the most used practice by many marketers with the action of giving the customers a vouchers or certificate that reduce their spending on certain products utilitarian them financially later on and whenever in the future they want to purchase, like 25% discount from the actual price or a fixed amount like $5 per piece (Harmon and Hill, 2003). Robinson and Carnack (1997) indicated that coupon have been appeared for the trial period of the product. Customers are influenced by the value reduction on coupons; lead to a conclude that coupon is a smart tool (Peter and Olson, 1996) Kotler and Armstrong (2006) researched electronic in store coupon machines are a good tool to save customers buying history and based on that to offer coupon depend on past experience of buying and the current bill. Barat and Paswan (2005) stated that there are some possible negative effects of coupon issuing; manager should segmenting customer to introduce the details coupon on each cases. Reviewed Gilbert and Jackaria (2002) research shown that coupon have the least effect on product experimental. According to Wayne (2002) research about three coupon campaigns resulted in promoted products added incremental sales and other non-coupon purchases after. Price discount Fill (2000) indicated that price discount is the easiest method of reducing the price of the product that the percentage of the price discounted appears on the package of the product, offering a good price to persuading sales. Lessen the price on the given product or add more number of items to that product and use the same price to enhance value of the product and create an encouragement for the customer to purchase (Raghubir and Corfman, 1999). Some studies have proved that price discount method play an significant role in stimulating the client to try the product offered (Fill, 2002; Shimp, 2003). Price discounting create a seasonal sales peak, this activities usually attract the occasional clients on the similar brand more probable than getting new clients to buy the product, in addition, the periodic clients seem to get back to their best interested brand after the discount season (Ehrenberg et al, 1994). Ndubisi and Chiew (2006) stated that item trial has an association with price discount, it might be said that the first can be expanded by value reduction for any item. Price discount has a connect with other sales promotional tools in the relationship of affecting each other and persuading the customers to purchase the product, like coupons and sample (Gilbert and Jackaria, 2002; Huff and Alden, 1998). It likewise demonstrates that an extensive price reduction cost for any item that has happened amid the business season will be made by the merchants since buyers aware about the cost (Smith and Sinha, 2000) Buy one get one free According to Sinha Smith (2000) buy one get one free is one of the most commonly used advertising to promote products, in the sense that if you purchase a product, you will have a free product, by utilizing this procedure the client can be effectively pulled in to purchase the item with the fact that there is no extra cost and it ought to be more esteemed from the client point of view, therefore customer cant ignore such great deal. The extra bundles and additional items without cost motivate the client purchasing behavior to buy the product; since clients are getting positive emotion towards such offer particularly on the off chance that it is in substantial sizes bundles and properly publicized. This sales promotion method also benefits the sellers in speeding up the inventory clearance (Li, Sun Wang, 2007). Customer buying decision To clarify the customer buying decision part, clients usually have boundless demand to fulfill their needs and fulfillment to have something new. There have been a large literature had inspected customer buying decision and reported that there are a lot of issues reflect the consumer behavior buy or not to buy goods. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated that there are four opinions for explaining consumer decision and behavior such as economic view which is outstand others view for making more impact on customer decision followed by passive view, emotional view and cognitive view, they also stated that consumer purchasing behavior reflected on how consumers choose what product they want and how that assessment going and its influence on next purchases. For instance, Customer buying behavior is the study of the procedures elaborate when persons or groups in the processes of select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to pleased wants and needs (Solomon, 1983). Naimah and Tan (1999) specified that there are some aspects affect consumer buying decision such as the high ability to perform a purchase and the physical surrounding at the place of purchases. According to Smelser and Baltes (2001), our daily life activities mostly is about buying products, creating our behavior and experiencing services at the place such as shops, city center, shopping centers and so on, where some motivation range can be inspired. Kotler (2003) argued that social and economic factors can significantly affect the consumer choices like cultural and essential factors of consumer behavior. William (2002) social class has huge impact on buying assessment criteria. After that Yip (2003) indicated that the social class of a person can cause limited options when making a buying decision if their income is low. According to Loudon and Della Bitta (2004) consumer behavior studies play an significant part in determining marketing segments and marketing plans, they recommended that customer buying behavior is often being studied because certain debates that suggestively affecting the customers behavior and their predictable actions, for this motive customer behavior is supposed to be an practical discipline, they also designated that the core marketing activities to scheming an effective marketing plans need three items are market segmentation, customer decision making and purchasing behavior. Sales promotion effect on customer buying decision The impact of sales promotion on consumer buying behavior has been extensively specified in many investigates and studies, they have exposed that there are a lot of factors can affect customer purchasing behavior, willingly to buy the products or not (Nagar, 2009; Smelser and Baltes, 2001). According to Nijs, Dekimpe, Steenkamps and Hanssens (2001) sales promotions make a significantly impacts on consumers buying behavior in the field of product brand, purchase time, quantity and brand switching. Moreover, consumer purchase decisions occasionally can be founded on the price sensitivity; so consumers seem to be more attracted to promoted goods (Bridges, Briesch and Yim, 2006). According to Quelch (1989) sales promoting, resources and methods have radically increased in the recent years performed by marketers. Then Blattberg and Neslin (1990) admitted that sales promotion has a power on consumer buying behavior by concentrating on occasionally promotion. Schneider and Currim (1991) cla imed that customers accepting the promotion methods are built on the out and in store sales promotion. Later on Schultz (1998) directed that sales promotion has a straight effect on customers behaviors. Chandon, Wansink, and Laurent (2000) stated that there are more influencing factors in consumer buying behavior rather than just price discount. Pramataris (2001) said that sampling is a good method on sales promotion which has less charging rate and an operative tool to fascinate clients. Fill (2002) designated that sales promotion tools has a enormous impression on consumer purchasing behavior throughout any competition; therefore reduction the price one of these tools can resulted in customers choices. For instance, Pickton and Broderick (2005) researched in sales promotion can result in growing sales capacity but less revenue. Others researchers also agreed that sales promotions is targeting the influence on consumer buying behavior by presenting new brands   with the targ et of new customers who have no previous experience with it(Solomon, Marshall and Stuart, 2008; Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). Though, Esfahani and Jafarzadeh (2012) indicated that mental variables have an important association with sales promotion; therefore they concluded that there is no substantial bond between impulsive behavior and sales promotion. Rothschild and Gaidis (1981) provided a case on how sales promotions can be used as determining stimulus. In that case, a free sample has been given to the possible customers. Inside the product taster is a voucher offering a great discount, possessed for a future rebuy. The shaping procedures carry on at the point of rebuy (store). Products at retail stores will also bring coupons for the next purchases, inside the products bundle. For instance, both items (samples and products accessible for sale) offer a voucher for a future buy, the distinction between those two discounts is assessed by the amount of discount. The second discount assessed with a lesser total. The achievement the marketers want to achieve is to form the behavior of the buyer over various phases. Theoretical framework review Revised the theoretical framework from the research conducted by GilbertN and Jackaria(2002); Mittal and Sethi (2011); Shi, Cheung Prendergast (2005); Alimpic (2014). Reviewed that researches mentioned above using the model to show the influence of sales promotion tools such as, coupons, price discount, sample and buy one get one free on customers buying decision through many behaviors like brand switching, Purchase Acceleration, Stock Pilling, Product Trial, and Spending more money. The idea of the above researaches is to find out the relationship between the sales promotion tools and the buying behavior of the customers. Research Methodology This dissertation using deduction approaches to perform the research. Robson (2002) has itemized five stages to developing a deductive research as following: Firstly, develop a hypothesis showing the relationship between two or more notions or variables. Secondly, voicing the hypothesis in operational terms by representing exactly how the concepts are measured. Third part is, testing the hypothesis. Fourthly, investigate the possible outcome. Last but not least, modifying the theory if the findings necessary. The research using quantitative data research, gathering data through secondary mean, examines academic journal and previous empirical researches on sales promotion effect on customer buying decision in retail market. Proposed theoretical model   Ã‚   To satisfying the demand of conducting a research on sales promotions influences on customer buying decision the following theoretical model has been developed due to achieved the ideas from previous study. The model displays the effect of sales promotions tool: coupons, price discount, sample and buy one get one free on customer buying behavior: brand switching, Purchase Acceleration, Stock Pilling, Product Trial, and Spending more money. The theoretical model being drawn in figure 1 shows the relationship. After that the subsequent hypothesis have been shaped to response to the research question Figure 1: Conceptual framework for the impact of sales promotions tool affecting customer buying behavior Hypothesis 1: Coupon has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Hypothesis 2: Price discount has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Hypothesis 3: free sample has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Hypothesis 4: buy one get one free has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Limitations Findings To examines the hypothesis has been drawn, researcher used data and conclusion from four previous studies which have the same or equal research model to test the hypothesis and investigate the possible outcome of the studies Hypothesis 1: Coupon has substantial effect on customer buying behavior To test the hypothesis 1 the researcher used the study of Alimpic (2014): The effectiveness of sales promotion tools: customer perspective. The research method, sampling procedure of this research can be seen on Appendix A. The statistical number on this research is stated in Table 1. According to the result provided by the researcher, repeated measures ANOVA presented that there are no substantial alterations among   buying behaviors to coupons (Wilks lambda = 0.979, p > 0.05). The figure shown in Table 1 is 2,22 for brand switching; 2,18 for product trials; 2,28 on purchase acceleration; 2,16 for spending more out of 5 points maximum. This mean coupon method have no intention in making the customer to buy another brand that they do not regular buy, buying earlier, buy more or buy another product that they have never used before and not encouraging customer to spend more money to buy as well. To be more clarify that coupon does not lead the respondents to perform any of the p resented buying behaviors. Average points of coupons are 2.22 out of 5. Therefore, coupons have no substantial impact on customer buying behaviors. The first hypothesis: Coupon has substantial effect on customer buying behavior is rejected. This hypothesis also confirmed by other researchers on their researches (Gilbert and Jackaria, 2002; Ndubisi and Chew, 2006; Osman and Chan Yin Fah, 2011) Hypothesis 2: Price discount has substantial effect on customer buying behavior To test the hypothesis 2 the researcher used the study conducted by Mittal and Sethi (2011):The Effectiveness of Sales Promotion Tools among Indian Consumers: An Empirical Study. The research method, respondents profile, and others relating to this research can be seen on Appendix B. The statistical data after analyzed on this research for price discount have been stated in Table 2.   Acquired the figure from the table provided; Brand switching with 2.85; Purchase acceleration at 2.75; Stock Piling at 2.72; Product Trial at 2.96 and Spend more money at 3.73 It can be seen clearly that there are two groups of behaviors responses, the first group included brand switching, purchase acceleration, stock piling, and product trial; the second group is spend more money than monthly budgeted. According to the first group, price discount seem to be more effective in inducing costumers to buy products from another brand that they not regular buy, buy the product earlier due to the discou nt are available at the time of purchases, price discount encouraged buyers to buy more than expected for the reason that might be because of the reduced price, and consumers also like to try new product that they never bought before when a price discount is on. The second group seems to be less successful because price discount might not be the reason for spending more money than monthly budget. Despite the bad response on spend more money but price discount appear to be very effective on buying behaviors. So the second hypothesis Price discount has substantial effect on customer buying behavior is approved.   Ã‚   Hypothesis 3: Free sample has substantial effect on customer buying behavior To test the hyphothesis 3 the researcher used again the study conducted by Alimpic (2014). The research method, respondents profile, and others relating to this research can be seen on Appendix B. The statistical data after analyzed on this research for Free sample have been stated in Table 1. Achieved the means from the resulted provided by Alimpic (2014): Brand switching at 2.54; Purchase acceleration at 2.46; Stockpiling at 2.19; Product trial at 2.59 and spending more money at 2.18. According to the note given on the table, 5 is the highest level which is strongly agreed; which mean under 3 is slightly disagree with the statements. For instance, in this data collected and analyze numerically by Alimpic (2014) free sample have no substantial impact towards all behavior responses. To clarify more about this, there are two groups can be seen clearly that there is a group slightly better than the other group; first group is brand switching, purchase acceleration and product trial; th e second group which are buy more and spend more have the least influences. But after all the overall proportion still under neutral and this hypothesis is rejected. Hypothesis 4: There is a substantial relationship between buy one get one free and costumer buying behavior To test the hypothesis 4, the researcher used the study conducted by Shi, Cheung Prendergast (2005): Behavioral response to sale promotion tools: A Hong Kong Study The research method, respondents profile, and others relating to this research can be seen on Appendix C. The statistical data after analyzed on this research for price discount have been stated in Table 3. The statistic for buy one get one free towards different customer buying behavior are collected and analyzed under the scale of 7. For each category we have: buy one get one free toward brand switching at 3.89; purchase acceleration at 4.86; Stockpiling at 5.01; Product trial at 3.69 and spend more money at 4.58. Overall the result seems really good in some behavioral response. The most significant impact of buy one get one free is on stock piling; after that purchase acceleration at; the third one is spend more money to buy the product; the fourth and the last are brand switching and product trial. The average points toward 5 behaviors for buy one get one free is 4.41, that is over 4 points in a 7 scales that means there are good responses to buy one get one free. To extent the problems, the possible problem that causing brand switching   not so successful on buy one get one free is because of the customers might not know much about that product, so the method might not fit in some circumstance, the same possible explanation for product trial as well. Despite that, the hypothesis 4 buy one get one free has substantial effect on customer buying behavior is accepted.

Partition Literature of India :: essays research papers

The Partition of India "A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance." -Jawarhalal Nehru 14 August, 1947, saw the birth of the new Islamic Republic of Pakistan. At midnight the next day India won its freedom from colonial rule, ending nearly 350 years of British presence in India. During the struggle for freedom, Gandhi had written an appeal "To Every Briton" to free their possessions in Asia and Africa, especially India (Philips and Wainwright, 567). The British left India divided in two. The two countries were founded on the basis of religion, with Pakistan as an Islamic state and India as a secular one. Whether the partition of these countries was wise and whether it was done too soon is still under debate. Even the imposition of an official boundary has not stopped conflict between them. Boundary issues, left unresolved by the British, have caused two wars and continuing strife between India and Pakistan. The partition of India and its freedom from colonial rule set a precedent for nations such as Israel, which demanded a separate homeland because of the irreconcilable differences between the Arabs and the Jews. The British left Israel in May 1948, handing the question of division over to the UN. Un-enforced UN Resolutions to map out boundaries between Israel and Palestine has led to several Arab-Israeli wars and the conflict still continues. Timeline 1600-British East India Company is established. 1857-The Indian Mutiny or The First War of Independence. 1858-The India Act: power transferred to British Government. 1885-Indian National Congress founded by A. O. Hume to unite all Indians and strengthen bonds with Britain. 1905-First Partition of Bengal for administrative purposes. Gives the Muslims a majority in that state. 1906-All India Muslim League founded to promote Muslim political interests. 1909-Revocation of Partition of Bengal. Creates anti-British and anti-Hindu sentiments among Muslims as they lose their majority in East Bengal. 1916-Lucknow Pact. The Congress and the League unite in demand for greater self-government. It is denied by the British. 1919-Rowlatt Acts, or black acts passed over opposition by Indian members of the Supreme Legislative Council. These were peacetime extensions of wartime emergency measures. Their passage causes further disaffection with the British and leads to protests. Amritsar Massacre. General Dyer opens fire on 20,000 unarmed Indian civilians at a political demonstration against the Rowlatt Acts.

First Time Going to the Principals Office Essay

Your first time going to the principals office can be kinda scary because sometimes you never know what your being called down there for. The first time i went to the principals office is a day i will never forget. It was when i was in the 5th grade Feburary 12th i was sitting in class doing my work when my teacher called me up to his desk and told me to grab my things im going down to the principals office. I was so nervous/scared and didnt know why i was being called down. When i got down there it was a lady sitting at the desk calling other students names to go back and see the principal. I walked up to the desk and gave her my pass. She took the pass & told me have a seat and get comfortable because I’ll be waiting a long time until my name gets called. After she said that i got even more scared. As i was sitting there waiting for my name to be called i started to think about everything i had done that week so when it was my turn to go back there it wouldnt be a surprised to why i was being called down there. About 15 minutes went by before she called my name. When she called my name and told me it was time to go back i didnt want to i really wanted to run out the door and go back to my class. When i walked into his office the look on his face was distasteful. He told me to have a seat and said he have a couple questions to ask me. I told him okay. The first following question he asked me was â€Å"whats going on? â€Å". i didnt really know how to respond to that so i said â€Å"nothing is going on†. He opened his mouth to say something else to me, im hoping that its about why im down here. Before he could say anything i hurried and opened my mouth to ask why i was down here. He looked at me and started smiling and said your not in trouble you were called down here because there was a fight that happened earlier this week envolving two girls that you know and were really good friends with, and im wondering do you know what could have started the fight . All that worrying about whether i was in trouble or not went away. I told him i didnt know what could have started the fight. He asked me do i think that it couldve started in the class room during any of the activities we were doing, I said no. He said okay thats all i wanted to know I’ll write you a pass back to class. As he handed me the pass he asked me one more question, The question was why was i so nervous when i came into his office. I told him it was because i thought i did something wrong and because it took a long time for my name to be called. He said it took so long because of my last name, they were calling people in alphabetical order.

Americas Constitution essays

America's Constitution essays Americas constitution, as epic and infallible as it may seem, now seems to give too much freedom to some people. As absurd as it sounds, I believe people can have too much freedom. What is the constitution anyway but a system of laws used to control the people? I think that by stating that people are free in this nation we show that we do not need to have respect for what others think as long as someone can be happy. Although this sounds nice, I think it is a distorted way of saying that you need to do anything you can to be happy, regardless of who you offend. I think Americas view of the pursuit of happiness is just am illusion for capitalism to work properly. People need to have respect for others before using the excuse that one is trying to pursue happiness. Todays problem with flag burning is an example of why people need to respect laws and not use the excuse that one is free to do anything. The American flag is a symbol for what the country stands for. Even more so, it is a form of property that Americans can have but ultimately we must treat it with respect by rules of our constitution. It is like any federal building or property belonging to the United States; we cannot destroy or harm it in any way. So by law we should not be allowed to burn the American flag, just like no one is allowed to burn down a federal building. The respect that people have for the flag has diminished in recent years anyway. We see forms of the flag used as bikinis and displayed across advertisements. Seeing it used this way only hurts how we view the symbol of our freedom. By burning this symbol, one only sees how important our freedom is. We need to preserve what little values we have in a flag and use it to express what we love about freedom. By celebrating our freedom, I think we need to join together, not distance ourselves as individuals. Many people in other countries are not as fortunate as we are to have the fr...

Counseling Report Guide Essay Example

Counseling Report Guide Essay Example Counseling Report Guide Essay Counseling Report Guide Essay Counseling Report Guide I. Counseling Process A. Time and Setting B. Client’s behavior C. Client’s problem D. Counseling goal (Note: This should be agreed upon by client and counselor prior to the session) E. Counselor’s strategies and techniques F. Result of the counseling session (Note: If you and the counselee achieved the therapeutic goal? Why or why not? ) II. Analysis of the Session [Note: Include these questions in a question-and-answer format in the paper; use 12 font size, Arial, single spacing. Instructions: For each question, provide transcript segments to support your answer. Indicate Counselor (CR) and Counselee (CL) exchanges, include relevant nonverbal behavior of both parties, e. g. , pause/silence, laughter, teary eyes, loud/soft voice, etc. 1. What went well in the counseling process? Be specific. Give sample transcript segments. 2. What did not go well in the counseling process? Why? Be specific. Give example sample segments. 3. What did you do well as a counselor? Be specific. Give sample transcript segments. 4. What did you not do well as a counselor? Be specific. Give sample transcript segments. 5. Upon reflection, what should you have done? Be specific. 6. What insights did you have from your counseling experience? Counselee’s Reflection Paper Guide [Instructions: Include the questions in a question-and-answer format in the paper; use 12 font size, Arial, single spacing. ] REFLECTIONS AS A COUNSELEE: Analyze the counseling session from your erspective as a counselee. 1. How did it feel to undergo counseling? 2. Did you achieve your counseling goal (as agreed upon with the counselor)? 3. Evaluate your counseling experience with this particular counselor. a) In what way were you helped? Elaborate. b) In what way were you not helped? Elaborate. 4. Do you feel the need for further counseling about your presenting problem? Explain. 4. a If yes, would you like to have counseling with the same counselor?

Policy Analysis of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Essay

Policy Analysis of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Essay Example The main purpose of the given work is to analyze the benefits and drawbacks of the new policy and provide recommendations for improvement. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Policy Analysis Problems in the national health care system have long been a matter of serious public concern in the United States. Overspending, low efficiency, and the lack of insurance coverage have become the main policy priorities in America. More often than not, politicians and policymakers use health care problems to speed up their political careers. President Obama was probably the first to systematically address the problem of health care from within. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act marks a new stage in the evolution of American health care. Its potential benefits for common American citizens cannot be overestimated. Nonetheless, the controversy surrounding the ACA continues to persist, and it is imperative that policymakers address the existing policy inconsistencies, to ensu re that the proposed changes benefit the American society. Literature Review Needless to say, health care reforms and problems with health care provision are popular objects of empirical analysis. Much has been written and said about the main problems faced by American citizens and medical professionals. A wealth of strategies and recommendations was developed to improve the quality and efficiency of health care in the United States of America. Nonetheless, most policies provide only short-term solutions to issues surrounding health care provision. In this context, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is believed to have the potential to change the situation to the better. Given the scope of medical care problems in the United States, it is no wonder that the ACA has immediately become the most popular object of policy analysis. Health care professionals and medical practitioners provide their ideas regarding the new policy and evaluate its inconsistencies. Based on their findings, the proposed legal provisions exemplify both a promise and peril of health care in the U.S., depending on the direction American policymakers choose to take in their striving to improve the quality of medical care in America. In their study, Davis et al (2010) evaluate the financial consequences and implications of the new act. The authors analyze how the new law affects the quality, organization, and delivery of health care, financial incentives of health care providers, and its capacity to provide the best health care and improve health care outcomes for everyone (Davis et al, 2010). This study is probably the most successful attempt to reconsider the ACA from a financial viewpoint. Davis et al (2010) state that, prior to enactment of the Act, Medicate expenditures were projected to grow at 6.8 percent every year through 2019; with the ACA, these rates of growth will reduce by 5.5 percent. The fact is that the ACA involves a reform of Medicare, which will enhance the val ue of health care provided and, simultaneously, reduce the rates of spending growth (Davis et al, 2010). Another problem addressed by the ACA is the rapid growth of health care premiums, which burden millions of American families. With the new policy, including a public health insurance plan, system savings could reach an estimated $3 billion between 2010 and 2020 (Davis et al, 2010). The policy will also relieve the burden of health care pr

Research In Information Technology Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

In Information Technology - Research Paper Example In today’s organisation decision making albeit hierarchical is a team effort. It is easier to understand and analyse today’s organisation using the neo-classical approach of an organisation being a socio-technical entity. The approach makes it easier to view an organisation as interaction between social elements (the people) and technical systems (any automated system i.e. IT) and how such interaction is designed for joint optimization. (Cummings 2001, Wikipedia-SocioTechnical Systems) Impact of IT and Internet – No organisation today can exist without the use of Information Technology (IT). The progress of IT and its use has taken a natural evolutionary path, from automating finance (first generation accounting packages) to virtual organisations. Global nature of today’s business - Organisations today are becoming more global in terms of business whether in its supply chain management, production or merchandising. Internet provides this access to today’s organisation. Socio-technical systems – How socio-technical systems, help organisational work design in the organisation, where people and systems interact. This understanding was required to follow our study in how internet applications are designed and developed. (Wikipedia-Sociotechnical systems) Internet and its effects – We studied the history of internet and how internet which was designed for an academic collaboration tool to today’s ubiquitous and all pervasive technological force. As part of this study, we learnt the underlying technology of internet, which has helped internet to be so highly influential in today’s world. We found that advance in telecommunications as the primary growth factor in internet and its usage. Secondly, this development of telecommunications and internet related applications have provided a great assistance to today’s